Serwale, MRCoetsee, TSole, KCFazluddin, Shahed2023-05-122023-05-122022-12Serwale, M., Coetsee, T., Sole, K. & Fazluddin, S. 2022. Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions. <i>Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 122(12).</i> http://hdl.handle.net/10204/127702411-97172225-6253http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2117/2022http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12770The CSIR-Ti process employs lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride feedstock to produce titanium sponge. The product is therefore contaminated by a range of lithium and chloride species. In this study we examine the effects of particle size, temperature, and HCl concentration as input leaching variables on the removal of chlorides from the crude titanium sponge. A review of the aqueous chloride chemistry of Li and Ti provided initial conditions for leaching of impurity species from the sponge. Experimental results confirm that the effectiveness of leaching and removal of dissolved impurities from the sponge are dependent on leaching kinetics, which are influenced by temperature, particle size, and morphology. Of the variables tested, reaction temperature had the strongest influence on the oxygen content of the leached product. The HCl lixiviant concentration had a negligible effect under the conditions tested. Leaching of crude titanium sponge (-10 mm size fraction after crushing) at 14°C in either 1 M or 0.032 M HCl yielded a titanium sponge product that met the ASTM standard specification for commercially pure Grade 1 titanium, i.e., oxygen content < 0.18 mass% and chloride content < 0.15 mass%.FulltextenCSIR-Ti processLeachingLithiothermic reductionPurificationTitanium spongeTitanium tetrachlorideArticleSerwale, M., Coetsee, T., Sole, K., & Fazluddin, S. (2022). Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions. <i>Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 122(12)</i>, http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12770Serwale, MR, T Coetsee, KC Sole, and Shahed Fazluddin "Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions." <i>Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 122(12)</i> (2022) http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12770Serwale M, Coetsee T, Sole K, Fazluddin S. Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 122(12). 2022; http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12770.TY - Article AU - Serwale, MR AU - Coetsee, T AU - Sole, KC AU - Fazluddin, Shahed AB - The CSIR-Ti process employs lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride feedstock to produce titanium sponge. The product is therefore contaminated by a range of lithium and chloride species. In this study we examine the effects of particle size, temperature, and HCl concentration as input leaching variables on the removal of chlorides from the crude titanium sponge. A review of the aqueous chloride chemistry of Li and Ti provided initial conditions for leaching of impurity species from the sponge. Experimental results confirm that the effectiveness of leaching and removal of dissolved impurities from the sponge are dependent on leaching kinetics, which are influenced by temperature, particle size, and morphology. Of the variables tested, reaction temperature had the strongest influence on the oxygen content of the leached product. The HCl lixiviant concentration had a negligible effect under the conditions tested. Leaching of crude titanium sponge (-10 mm size fraction after crushing) at 14°C in either 1 M or 0.032 M HCl yielded a titanium sponge product that met the ASTM standard specification for commercially pure Grade 1 titanium, i.e., oxygen content < 0.18 mass% and chloride content < 0.15 mass%. DA - 2022-12 DB - ResearchSpace DO - 10.17159/2411-9717/2117/2022 DP - CSIR J1 - Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 122(12) KW - CSIR-Ti process KW - Leaching KW - Lithiothermic reduction KW - Purification KW - Titanium sponge KW - Titanium tetrachloride LK - https://researchspace.csir.co.za PY - 2022 SM - 2411-9717 SM - 2225-6253 T1 - Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions TI - Purification of titanium sponge produced by lithiothermic reduction of titanium tetrachloride: Effect of leaching conditions UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12770 ER -26540