Patel, SDima, Ratshilumela SRanwaha, TSMaluta, NEMaphanga, Rapela R2025-02-122025-02-122024-07978-1-0370-2645-4http://hdl.handle.net/10204/13992In the quest for advanced energy storage solutions, sodium-ion batteries have captured significant interest as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their low manufacturing cost and abundant raw materials. To better understand and optimise sodium-ion battery performance, physics-based electrochemical models play a crucial role in simulating battery behaviour across various conditions. The reduced order electrochemical model further improves our physical understanding and provides accurate simulations at a significantly lower cost. In this study, we modelled a sodium ion battery using a Single Particle Model (SPM). We began by first creating a submodel using the diffusion equation for the negative electrode, followed by implementing a mathematical model in a python package (PyBaMM) on various time scales (t = 0, 0.5 and 1h) and validated our results by comparing them with the detailed pseudo-twodimensional model (P2D). Our findings demonstrated that SPM can slightly deviate from the P2D model. This deviation highlights the strength of the P2D model in representing intricate variations within the battery system. Furthermore, the stable current throughout the simulation supports the idea that SPM can be used as a potential alternative to complex models.AbstractenLithium-ion batteriesLIBsInternal combustion enginesICEElectric vehiclesEVsConference Presentationn/a