A novel hybrid path loss prediction model for 5G midband networks using empirical, machine learning, and feature prioritization techniques

Shaibu, FEOnwuka, ENSalawu, NOyewobi, SSAbu Mahfouz, Adnan MI2026-02-102026-02-102025-121687-58691687-5877https://doi.org/10.1155/ijap/3277479Digital Object Identifier (DOI)http://hdl.handle.net/10204/14672Accurate path loss prediction is vital for 5G deployment, especially at midband frequencies where signal degradation is significant. This paper presents a hybrid model that integrates an optimized COST-231 Hata model with a random forest algorithm to improve prediction accuracy at 3.5 GHz. Recursive feature elimination identified eleven key features from eighteen multidimensional parameters, including novel environmental attributes, to prioritize factors influencing urban path loss. Validation against measurement and simulation datasets showed strong alignment with observed results, achieving lower errors (MAE = 1.82 dB, RMSE = 2.05 dB, and MAPE = 2.4%) compared to existing models. Additionally, cross-band validation at 1.6 GHz further demonstrated the model’s robustness, though retraining or fine-tuning is recommended for optimal performance at lower frequencies. Future research may expand the dataset to enhance generalizability.Fulltexten5G communicationCOST-231Hata modelFeature selectionHybrid modelPath lossRandom forest modelA novel hybrid path loss prediction model for 5G midband networks using empirical, machine learning, and feature prioritization techniquesArticlen/a