Mkhize, NMSithole, Bishop BNtunka, MG2016-02-232016-02-232015-06Mkhize, N.M., Sithole, B.B. and Ntunka, M.G. 2015. Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 35(5), pp. 374-3850277-3813http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02773813.2014.984079http://hdl.handle.net/10204/8405Copyright: 2015 Taylor & Francis. This is a post-print version. Due to copyright restrictions, the attached PDF file only contains the post-print version of the full text item. For access to the full text item, please consult the publisher's website. The definitive version of the work is published in Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 35(5), pp. 374-385The present study indicates that solid acid catalysis of crude tall oil (CTO) over a WO3/ZrO2 catalyst is effective in converting the CTO fatty acids components into biodiesel in high yield. Preparation of the catalyst by an impregnation method was selected and WO3 activity was best at a loading mass fraction of 5% to ZrO2 support and activation at 500 C for five hours under air at atmospheric pressure. Optimal reaction conditions were reaction temperature at 250 C; methanol to CTO molar ratio at 10; reaction time four hours, catalyst mass fraction of 3%; and stirring intensity at 625 rpm. The conversion at optimal reaction conditions was 70%. The catalyst was highly active at temperatures higher than 200 C. The biodiesel produced met some, but not all, the diesel quality parameters stipulated by standard specifications such as ASTM D6751 and EN14214.enBiodieselCatalystCrude tall oilHeterogeneousArticleMkhize, N., Sithole, B. B., & Ntunka, M. (2015). Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock. http://hdl.handle.net/10204/8405Mkhize, NM, Bishop B Sithole, and MG Ntunka "Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock." (2015) http://hdl.handle.net/10204/8405Mkhize N, Sithole BB, Ntunka M. Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock. 2015; http://hdl.handle.net/10204/8405.TY - Article AU - Mkhize, NM AU - Sithole, Bishop B AU - Ntunka, MG AB - The present study indicates that solid acid catalysis of crude tall oil (CTO) over a WO3/ZrO2 catalyst is effective in converting the CTO fatty acids components into biodiesel in high yield. Preparation of the catalyst by an impregnation method was selected and WO3 activity was best at a loading mass fraction of 5% to ZrO2 support and activation at 500 C for five hours under air at atmospheric pressure. Optimal reaction conditions were reaction temperature at 250 C; methanol to CTO molar ratio at 10; reaction time four hours, catalyst mass fraction of 3%; and stirring intensity at 625 rpm. The conversion at optimal reaction conditions was 70%. The catalyst was highly active at temperatures higher than 200 C. The biodiesel produced met some, but not all, the diesel quality parameters stipulated by standard specifications such as ASTM D6751 and EN14214. DA - 2015-06 DB - ResearchSpace DP - CSIR KW - Biodiesel KW - Catalyst KW - Crude tall oil KW - Heterogeneous LK - https://researchspace.csir.co.za PY - 2015 SM - 0277-3813 T1 - Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock TI - Heterogeneous acid-catalyzed biodiesel production from crude tall oil: a low-grade and less expensive feedstock UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10204/8405 ER -