Mtsweni, Jabu SThaba, James M2026-03-202026-03-202025-0301988846649780198884668DOI:10.1093/9780191993688.001.0001http://hdl.handle.net/10204/14773The African battlespace is rapidly changing, driven among others by several socio-economic factors. These factors in turn create a more complex, unpredictable, and volatile operating environment for African armed forces. The evolution of technology is forcing African governments to modernise the delivery of services through digital means, which in turn opens the door for multi-dimensional vector attacks. This has also led to the proliferation of advanced weapons, as well as the increasing use of information and communications technologies (ICT) in warfare, making it easier for non-state actors to wage asymmetric war and carry out terrorist attacks. The African cyberspace faces increasing cyber threats and several cyber incidents have been observed at government levels including attacks on militaries and sovereignty of Africa countries through election attacks, critical information infrastructure attacks, and cyber-terrorism. The loss of huge financial resources in Africa due to cyber-crime is also widely reported in the academic and business space. Moreover, state actors and non-state actors are increasingly targeting African states using cyber weapons. Therefore, the dominance of the cyberspace even for African militaries implies the need to be prepared to operate in this unfamiliar environment to maintain their security and stability. African militaries need to therefore develop new capabilities, especially in terms of cyber defence, to meet the emerging ICT challenges and multi-dimensional threats on the continent. This chapter, therefor, discusses how African militaries and nation-states could systematically establish and deploy new cyber warfare capabilities to the modern battlespace. It begins by outlining the challenges that Africa faces in the cyber domain, including a lack of resources, expertise, and infrastructure. It then discusses how African nation-states have responded to these challenges at the distinct levels of warfare. The chapter covers four case studies comprising four countries in Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, and KenyaFulltextenAfrican battlespaceCyber warfareCyberspaceBook ChapterN/A