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Item 6th Annual state of logistics survey for South Africa 2009(CSIR, Stellenbosch University, IMPERIAL Logistics, University of Pretoria & Cardiff University, 2010-03) Ittman, H; Schoeman, C; King, D; Bean, W; Viljoen, NThe 2009 theme for the state of logistics’ survey is ‘Logistics Value and Costs – Driving Macro and Micro-economic Change towards Global Competitiveness and Sustainability’. For South Africa to become and stay competitive internationally the logistics and supply chain sector will need to step up and improve its overall performance whilst taking into account the issue of continual sustainability. In the end the value that logistics adds to the country should be greater than the costs.Item 8th Annual State of Logistics™ Survey for South Africa 2011(2012-05) Viljoen, NThe global economic landscape is shifting with increased focus on emerging markets that have been more resilient than their counterparts in developed countries. Countries that never featured as consumer markets in the past are suddenly appearing on the scene, while medium-sized developing economies are seeing increases in their consumer demand. The 8th State of Logistics™ survey is released amidst change and uncertainty in the global economic landscape. These changes and uncertainties inevitably impact global supply chains and have trickled down to the South African logistics sector – even down to daily logistics decisions.Item 9th state of logistics survey for South Africa: connecting neighbours - engaging the world(Imperial Logistics, 2013-06) Viljoen, N; Bean, W; Havenga, J; Simpson, Z; Jankauskaite, Z; Gounder, S; Steyn, W; de Jonge, G; Sambandan, M; Laubscher, C; Ittmann, H; Luke, R; Heyns, GThe 9th State of Logistics survey for South Africa 2012 delivers a message of action. South Africa must make great strides in addressing critical issues relating to the road freight sector, shifting freight from road to rail and addressing rampant skills shortages and misalignment in the logistics sector. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) needs to see governments and the private sector joining hands to realise ambitious inland corridor initiatives and develop a world-class maritime transhipment community that would open the region up for trade. Globally, the scales are tipping that measure the trade-offs favouring economic specialisation, economies of scale and growth in international trade at the cost of a higher demand for freight transport. A reframing of the role of logistics in supporting truly sustainable economic development is imminent.Item Approaches to Building a Smart Community: An Exploration Through the Concept of the Digital Village(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021-09) Phahlamohlaka, Letlibe J; Phahlamohlaka, Letlibe JThe unique approaches proposed in this book are ‘glocal’ in character, as they draw on the experiences of South Africans to address the global issue of ‘smart communities’. The book blends together social and technical aspects, and presents the experiences from a range of community practitioners, academics, architects and engineers.Item Architecture, landscape architecture and interior- Hons B 2009(2010-03) Osman, AWithin this research field, projects focus on community needs, skills and extant built environments, specifically conservation-worthy environments and heritage resources as opportunity for creating sustainable communities and living environments.Item Assessing opportunities and constraints for biofuel development in sub-Saharan Africa(CIFOR, 2011) Von Maltitz, Graham P; Stafford, William HLSustainable biofuel production should provide opportunities for sub-Saharan African countries and their inhabitants, especially in impoverished rural areas. Biofuel feedstock production has the potential to bring job opportunities and earnings, but this should not be at the cost of existing livelihoods and the local environment. Biofuels also have the potential to increase energy security in these countries for both transportation and household needs. Sub-Saharan African biofuel feedstock production projects can be classified into 4 distinct models based on production scales (small- versus large-scale farm/plantations) and on the intended use of the biofuel (local versus national). The first type embraces large corporate plantations to supply the market for liquid transport fuel blends. The second type comprises small-scale producers linked to the corporate producers. The third type involves small-scale producers supplying the local energy needs of farmers and villages. The fourth and rarest type is linked to the large corporate plantations, to meet the corporation’s own energy needs. The introduction of foreign-owned, large-scale corporate plantations producing biofuel for transport fuel blends causes the most concern in sub-Saharan Africa, as their scale and ownership arrangements may disrupt rural livelihoods and affect access rights to land resources. However, these projects can also bring job opportunities, thereby providing alternative sources of income for poor communities. This working paper assesses mechanisms for limiting the negative impacts while maximising national benefit capture. Market-based mechanisms versus legal and policy mechanisms to enhance long-term sustainability are also discussed. This paper has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union, under a project titled : 'Bioenergy, sustainability and trade-offs: Can we avoid deforestation while promoting bioenergy?' The objective of the project is to contribute to sustainable bioenergy development that benefits local people in developing countries, minimises negative impacts on local environments and rural livelihoods, and contributes to global climate change mitigation. The project will achieve this by producing and communicating policy relevant analyses that can inform government, corporate and civil society decision-making related to bioenergy development and its effects on forests and livelihoods. The project is managed by CIFOR and implemented in collaboration with the Council on Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa), Joanneum Research (Austria), the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and the Stockholm Environment Institute. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.Item Assessing the Sustainability of Bioenergy Projects in Developing Countries: A Framework for Policy Evaluation(Newcastle University, 2010) Amezaga, JM; Von Maltitz, Graham P; Boyes, SFulfilling the promise of sustainable development has become a major concern for proponents ofmodern bioenergy projects. The global land area dedicated to feedstock production, be it for liquid biofuels, solid biomass or biogas, has expanded greatly over the past decades; increasingly so indeveloping countries. Current first generation bioenergy feedstocks, particularly for commercial scale production, demand large areas of land and in many cases have extensive labour requirements. Where marginal or degraded lands are not used, feedstock production could compete with food crops for land or labour, may impact negatively on biodiversity and alter local hydrology, or create a multitude of other direct or secondary social and environmental impacts. The expanding global demand for bioenergy products provides many opportunities for socio-economic benefits and rural development in developing countries; however there are also numerous tradeoffs and potential negative impacts that must be taken into account. The need to assess and find a balance between both positive and negative impacts of bioenergy production and use is therefore apparent. Whilst some existing initiatives are proving to be robust and effective from a western, market-oriented perspective, a concern is that the assessments are limited in scope and often only conducted after projects are designed and initiated. A strong need has been identified for approaches with a developing country perspective which assess impacts both in a locally oriented, context specific way as well considering how they might relate to wider national or international agendas. This volume provides an introduction to a selection of suitable approaches that can be used to assess individual aspects of bioenergy production, based on up to date knowledge, and worked out examples from a developing country perspective.Item Atmospheric corrosion testing in southern Africa: results of a twenty year national exposure programme(Scientia Publishers, 1991) Callaghan, BGAtmospheric corrosion is one of the most widespread causes of metal and alloy degradation known. We only have to look at the corrosion of structural steelwook in buildings, bridges and other forms of construction to recognise the enormous wastage of materials, manpower and economic resources. The aim of this book is to provide an adequate insight into aspects of the corrosion mechanisms and of the climatic factors that have significant impact of atmospheric corrosion in Southern Africa.Item Biodiversity Scenarios: Projections of 21st century change in biodiversity and associated ecosystem services(Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010) Scholes, BThis synthesis focuses on estimates of biodiversity change as projected for the 21st century by models or extrapolations based on experiments and observed trends. The term ‘biodiversity’ is used in a broad sense as it is defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity to mean the abundance and distributions of and interactions between genotypes, species, communities, ecosystems and biomes. This synthesis pays particular attention to the interactions between biodiversity and ecosystem services and to critical ‘tipping points’ that could lead to large, rapid and potentially irreversible changes. Comparisons between models are used to estimate the range of projections and to identify sources of uncertainty. Experiments and observed trends are used to check the plausibility of these projections. In addition possible actions have been identified at the local, national and international levels that can be taken to conserve biodiversity. A wide range of scientists participated in this synthesis, with the objective to provide decision makers with messages that reflect the consensus of the scientific community and that will aid in the development of policy and management strategies that are ambitious, forward looking and proactive.Item Carbon nanomaterial-based adsorbents for water purification: Fundamentals and applications(Elsevier, 2020-06) Ray, Suprakas S; Gusain, Rashi; Kumar, NeerajThe deterioration of water quality and unavailability of drinkable water are pressing challenges worldwide. The removal of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from water is vital for a clean environment, as a response to water scarcity. Adsorption-based water technologies are among the most widely used because of their high efficiency and low cost, without relying on a complex infrastructure. In recent years, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as graphene and derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanoporous carbon, fullerenes, graphitic carbon nitride, and nanodiamonds have been extensively exploited as adsorbents due to their extraordinary surface properties, ease of modification, large surface area, controlled structural varieties, high chemical stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and reusability. This book provides a thorough overview of the state of the art in carbon nanomaterials as they are used for adsorption applications in water purifications, as well as addressing their toxicological challenges. This volume primarily explores the fundamentals of adsorption, its mechanical aspects, synthesis and properties of CNMs, and adsorption performances of CNMs and their nanocomposites with organic and inorganic materials. Structural engineering and activation processes produce materials with enhanced adsorptive properties and separation efficiencies. Furthermore, the formation of CNMs with 2D and 3D macro-and microstructures and high porosities is a potential approach to improve adsorption performances and extend CNM use at the industrial level. The book also addresses important issues regarding these adsorbents that potentially affect future research and industrial applications of carbon-based nanoadsorbents in water security.Item Catchment2Coast: A systems approach to coupled river-coastal ecosystem science and management(The Authors and IOS Press, Netherlands, 2009-07) Monteiro, Pedro MS; Marchand, MCatchment2Coast was an interdisciplinary research and modelling project that aimed to improve understanding of the linkages between coastal ecosystems and the adjacent river catchments. The project involved nine partner organizations from three European and three southern African countries, including Mozambique, where the project was conducted. Catchment2Coast has tackled a problem which is at the interface of many different domains: between river and the sea, between bay and ocean, between water and soil, but also between ecology and economy. It used a variety of tools and methods, ranging from continuous hydrodynamic monitoring and biochemistry flux measurements to remote sensing and mathematical modelling techniques. But perhaps even more important was the integration of disciplines that took place during the project, which consisted of experts from different countries both from Europe and Southern Africa. The knowledge gained through this research provides a sound basis for the setting of environmental flow requirements for the Maputo, Incomati and similar river systems in sub-Saharan Africa. And what is more, it may serve as an example and stimulus for continued cooperation between experts from different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds.Item The Circular Economy as Development Opportunity: Exploring Circular Economy Opportunities across South Africa’s Economic Sectors(CSIR, 2021-12) Godfrey, Linda K; Nahman, Anton; Oelofse, Suzanna HH; Trotter, Douglas; Khan, Sumaya; Nontso, Zintle; Magweregwede, Fleckson; Sereme, Busisiwe V; Okole, Blessed N; Gordon, Gregory ER; Brown, Bernadette; Pillay, Boyse; Schoeman, Chanel; Fazluddin, Shahed; Ojijo, Vincent O; Cooper, Antony K; Kruger, Daniel M; Napier, Mark; Mokoena, Refiloe; Steenkamp, Anton J; Msimanga, Xolile P; North, Brian C; Seetal, Ashwin R; Mathye, Salamina M; Godfrey, Linda KThe intention of this book is to present the CSIR’s position and interpretation of the circular economy, and to use it to drive discussions on where immediate circular economy opportunities are achievable in South Africa. Opportunities that can be harnessed by business, government and civil society. These circular economy opportunities are framed in this book within the context of the current challenges facing various economic sectors. The CSIR has selected seven, resource intensive sectors – mining, agriculture, manufacturing, human settlements, mobility, energy and water – for further assessment. Many of these economic sectors have seen significant declines over the past years, with agriculture, manufacturing, transport and construction all showing negative growth pre-COVID. These are all sectors under economic stress and in need of regeneration. South Africa stands on the threshold of profound choices regarding its future development path. Transitioning to a more circular economy provides the country with the opportunity to address many national priorities including manufacturing competitiveness, food security; sustainable, resilient and liveable cities; efficient transport and logistics systems; and energy and water security, while at the same time decarbonising the economy. The transition to a circular economy provides the country with an opportunity for green and inclusive development to be the cornerstone of a post-COVID economic recovery. The titles of this book chapters are the following: Chapter 1: Driving economic growth in South Africa through a low carbon, sustainable and inclusive circular economy. Chapter 2: Placing the South African mining sector in the context of a circular economy transition. Chapter 3: Supporting food security and economic development through circular agriculture. Chapter 4: Supporting the development of a globally competitive manufacturing sector through a more circular economy. Chapter 5: Creating resilient, inclusive, thriving human settlements through a more circular economy. Chapter 6: Facilitating sustainable economic development through circular mobility. Chapter 7: Decoupling South Africa’s development from energy demand through a more circular economy. Chapter 8: Decoupling South Africa’s development from water demand through a circular economy.Item Clay-containing polymer nanocomposites: from fundamentals to real applications(Elsevier, 2013) Ray, Suprakas SMuch research and development effort has emerged in addressing hybrid organic-inorganic systems; particular attention has been given to those systems in which nanofillers are dispersed in polymer matrices. This class of materials called polymer nanocomposites, shows unique value-added properties that are completely absent in neat matrices and conventional composites.Item Climate change handbook for North-Eastern South Africa(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 2010-04) Davis, CIn many countries, decision-makers are seeking information from a wide range of disciplines on the potential impacts of climate change on environmental and socio-economic systems. This handbook is designed to present future climate change scenarios and possible impacts of these changes in an understandable and accessible manner. The handbook is designed to provide a background on the processes of global change and climate change. The handbook will also serve as a basic reference guide to those currently engaged in impacts and adaptation research. The future climate change projections (estimates of future climate possibilities) presented in this handbook are for the north-eastern region of South Africa only; namely the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Gauteng provinces. These projections are based on newest information obtained from the latest regionally downscaled climate change models; provided by the Climate System Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town. It is hoped that readers of this handbook will gain a better understanding of climate change processes, impacts and the possible measures that could be taken to reduce these impactsItem Climate risk and vulnerability: A handbook for Southern Africa(CSIR, 2017-10) Davis, Claire L; Vincent, KThe handbook (Climate Risk and Vulnerability: A Handbook for Southern Africa) was conceived and designed with the intent to provide decision-makers with up-to-date information, appropriate for country planning, on the impacts and risks of climate change and variability. Reliable and accessible climate information is an important tool in responding to the impacts of climate change and the development of robust mitigation and adaptation strategies. The handbook translates the latest climate change information in a manner that is relevant to decisionmakers to build knowledge in the region. The handbook also serves as a reference guide for practitioners within the SADC member states who are currently engaged in impacts research and development of both mitigation and adaption policies and strategies. The content has been produced by a team that comprises climate scientists, social scientists with experience in impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, as well as communications experts.Item Climate Risk and Vulnerability: A Handbook for Southern Africa(CSIR, 2011-11) Davis, CThe Climate Risk and Vulnerability Handbook for Southern Africa was conceived and designed with the intent to provide decision-makers with up to date information, appropriate for country planning, on the impacts and risks of climate change and variability. It presents a selection of information, translated to communicate climate change processes, key existing and emerging trends, impacts and the possible measures that could be taken to reduce these impacts.Item Co-operative good practice guide in the waste recycling sector: A guideline for co-operatives by co-operatives(CSIR, 2015-09) Strydom, W; Godfrey, Linda KFor as long as South Africa continues to generate “waste”, that waste has value, and while there are businesses prepared to buy the waste, we will continue to find formal and informal collectors of recyclables. “There will always be work, the market exists, rubbish will not go away…” The types and quantities of waste generated in the larger towns and cities of South Africa has created opportunities for people to earn a living through the collection of recyclables, salvaging paper, plastic, glass or tins from waste bins at kerbside or from landfill sites. As a means of stimulating job creation in the formal waste economy, these collectors of recyclables are often advised by government or other stakeholders, to group together and register as a co-operative. This grouping of people into a co-operative is intended to provide several benefits which individuals would not be able to achieve on their own. While the co-operative model provides invaluable benefits to members, employees and communities, when implemented incorrectly it can result in opportunistic registrations in order to access funding; exploitation of co-operative members by corrupt individuals who are more informed of the current systems; conflict between co-operative members who have no previous association; and an overdependence on support which is difficult to outgrow to form sustainable businesses.Item Compendium of community and indigenous strategies for climate change adaptation: Focus on addressing water scarcity in agriculture(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/CSIR, 2019-08) Mwenge Kahinda, Jean-Marc; Bahalokwibale, PM; Budaza, Nwabisa; Mavundla, Simtholile; Nohayi, Ngowenani N; Nortje, Karen; Boroto, RJThis report makes an inventory of indigenous and community adaptation practices across the world. The inventory was mainly done through literature review, field work and meetings with selected organisations. The case studies documented are categorized in five technologies and practices themes, including: (1) Weather forecasting and early warning systems; (2) Grazing and Livestock management; (3) Soil and Water Management (including cross slope barriers); (4) Water harvesting (and storage practices); (5) Forest Management (as a coping strategy to water scarcity), and; (6) Integrated wetlands and fisheries management. These were then related to the corresponding main agro-ecological zones (AEZ), namely arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highlands and coastal and wetlands. The AEZ approach was considered as an entry-point to adopting or adapting an existing indigenous strategy to similar areas. Indigenous knowledge provides a crucial foundation for community-based adaptation strategies that sustain the resilience of social-ecological systems at the interconnected local, regional and global scales. In spite of challenges and knowledge gaps, these strategies have the potential of being strengthened through the adoption and adaptation of introduced technology from other communities or modern science. Attention to these strategies is already being paid by several donor-funded organisations, although in an uncoordinated manner. Consequently, this compendium is a first step at providing a comprehensive listing of indigenous strategies for climate change adaptation focussing at addressing water scarcity in agriculture.Item The CSIR - the first 40 years(Scientia Printers, CSIR, 1990) Kingwill, DGThis story of the first 40 years of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is presented in three parts. The first includes the events leading up to its establishment in 1945 and discusses the need for such a body in South Africa as seen against the background of world events, notably the impact of two world wars and the emergence in other countries of organizations with specific responsibilities for co-ordinating and developing scientific research. It continues as a chronological narrative of events which unavoidably is studded with names and dates. The second part focuses on the role of the CSIR as a national research council in promoting and supporting university, medical and industrial research, fostering international scientific co-operation and in providing scientific and technical information services. The development, organization and activities of the CSIR research laboratories, institutes and units, operating in this context as a 'contract research organization', are described in the third part.Item CSIR Guidelines for the provision of social facilities in South African settlements(CSIR Built Environment, 2012-08) Green, Chéri AThis CSIR publication is firstly a guide to which facilities can be expected to be provided in settlements of different sizes. The provision largely relates to meeting basic needs within a framework of the operational viability/cost efficiency of each facility type and indicates where mobile or periodic services would be a more appropriate level of service. Secondly, the guideline is a compendium of knowledge regarding appropriate access distances to facilities, as well as the number of people who are typically required to be living within this access distance to support the facility in question. These guidelines are intended as a planning tool and should be used to set priorities within available financial resources. They cannot be considered legally binding on municipalities, provinces or national departments. However, attainment of these guidelines relating to the location and distribution of facilities will ensure greater and more equitable access to services at a national and provincial level.