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Development of a road materials database for Gautrans
(CSIR, 2004-03) Paige-Green, P; Jones, DJ
The data required for a road materials database was identified and a basic structure formulated during 2003. A set of Excel workbooks and associated worksheets was developed as a foundation for the database and as an interim means of gathering test data. A modular approach was used to minimise processing time. This was implemented using data from a recycling project and various deficiencies were identified. The database was restructured, eliminating the inventory module, as the existing information used in the PMS database could be used directly and data input thus minimised. The information that was in the original inventory and is not included in the PMS database has been added to the individual spreadsheets where appropriate.
Development of a road materials database: Interim Report: 1st draft
(CSIR, 2003-03) Jones, DJ; Paige-Green, P
The data required for a road materials database has been identified and a basic structure formulated. A set of Excel workbooks and associated worksheets has been developed as a foundation for the database and as an interim means of gathering test data. A modular approach has been used to minimise processing time. It is recommened that a standard format for all future as-built/completion data be adopted by Gautrans and its appointed consultants and contractors to allow cost-effective data capture, once the database has been commissioned.
Evaluation of pavement response instrumentation
(CSIR, 2000-03) Vogel, F; Steyn, WJvdM
The report focuses on aspects such as possible wireless data transmission, standardization and mesurement methodologies and sensor technology. Various avenues are explored for the development of sensors while new emerging technologies that could find application in Accelerated Pavement testing (APT) is also examined for possible developemnt. The evaulation also highlighted the possibility of extending the present sensor technologies by enhancements such as lowering the noise floor of the electronics and smart sensor application.
Feedback on the Inaugural Meeting of the Cost 347 Accelerated Loading Test (ALT) Action in Europe: June 27th to 29th 2001
(CSIR, 2001-11) De Beer, Morris
Describes in summary the attendance of the author at an invited meeting of the COST 347 ALT (Accelerated Loading Testing) Committee in Cologne, Germany, Europe. The meeting was held at Bast, near Cologne, from 27th June 2001 to 29th June 2001. The author presented two topics, i.e. Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) in South Africa, and Stress-In-Motion (SIM). This COST 347 action started in October 2001, and needs to deliver recommendations on ALT April 2004. There are 6 Working Groups, chaired by several country members, working on the project.
First level analysis report: comparative testing of HVS Mk IV+ and HVS Mk III on road D2388 near Cullinan
(CSIR, 2003-03) Morton, B; Theyse, HL
After many years of owning and operating a Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) Mk III, Gautrans acquired a HVS Mk IV+ in May 2002. In addition to the advanced features that this machine possesses in comparison to its predecessor, the HVS Mk IV+ also has certain operational advantages that will make it more efficient than the Mk III. The HVS Mk IV+ will be utilised in all future Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) operations undertaken by Gautrans. The differences between the two machines could, however, result in variations in pavement response and test results. Based on this concern and in an effort to ensure uniformity throughout APT with the HVS, a comparative testing project was initiated to compare the effect of the two machines on pavement response. Differences in the pavement response induced by the HVS Mk III and HVS Mk IV+ may be caused by differences in the trafficking speed of the machines (loading frequency), differences in the total load applied by the machines and differences in the contact stresses applied by different tyre brands and tyre widths used on the two machines. An attempt was made to eliminate the effect of total load by developing total load calibration curves for the two HVSs prior to comparative testing. The procedure followed during the comparative testing was to identify two test sections for testing. These test sections were subjected to trafficking by each of the HVSs until elastic and plastic response trends could be established for both test sections. The machines were then swapped and trafficking continued until the new elastic and plastic pavement responses trends could confidently be compared to the original response trends. Small but consistent changes in the elastic deflection were observed when the machines where swapped but these changes were too small to influence the interpretation of the elastic response results under normal testing conditions. The changes in the permanent deformation response that were observed when the machines were swapped are of greater concern and could lead to different conclusions regarding the bearing capacity of the test pavement. It is, however, suspected that the observed differences in pavement response could be caused by differences in the applied total load and contact stresses at the operational trafficking speeds of the machines. Further work is recommended to investigate this.
Heavy vehicle simulator operations: protocol for instrumentation, data collection and data storage - 2nd draft
(CSIR, 2002-09) Jones, DJ; Morton, B
Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) operations have been performed by the CSIR for the past 25 years. During this period, experience has been gained with regards to the collection and storage of pavement behaviour data from accelerated pavement testing. Current norms relating to quality management of processes and products necessitate the consolidation of these processes into a protocol for future HVS projects. This document deals with three key aspects of HVS operations: Staffing of HVS operations Site location and establishment Data collection Data processing, analysis and storage
Implementation of the Gautrans LTPP protocol at three sites
(CSIR, 2004-03) Paige-Green, P
This document describes the implementation of the Gautrans LTPP protocol. Three LTPP sections at existing HVS test sites have been located and market out in accordance with the LTPP protocol developed for Gautrans. Much of the initial monitoring has been carried out and this should be supplemented with the installation of instrumentation and the contracting of appropriate agencies to carry out the specialised monitoring, eg, FWD.
Initial investigation into development of accelerated pavement evaluation (APE) vehicle
(CSIR, 2002-08) Steyn, WJvdM; De Beer, Morris
CSIR Transportek has for many years been at the forefront of Accelerating Pavement Testing (APT) technology. The use of the HVS for research purpose has attracted much attention. One aspect of the HVS's capabilities has not been used that often. This is the option of using the HVS to proof-test a newly constructed or in-service pavement or even to only evaluate the pavement response qualitatively over a very short period. The problem addressed in this report is investigate the opportunity to develop a method by which a full pavement structure can be proof-tested in a very short time-span without the limitations that the current HVS-approach will provide. An amount of funding was obtained through the ADHI funding process to perform an initial feasibility study and preliminary market analysis on the development of a device to perform this evaluation role. Based on the information provided and the discussions in this STEP Report, the following conclusions are drawn: The technical need for the APE vehicle may exist with potential clients, although they may not be able to understand the possible usefulness of the device as yet; More detailed data of typical applications and potential use will be required to enable potential clients to support the further development of the APE vehicle concept; The development of a gravel road deterioration device may be a more urgent requirement in the light of the absence of such devices and the high number of these roads internationally. Based on the information provided and the discussions in this Technical Report, the following recommendations are made: An investigation into the possible development of a gravel road evaluation device should be performed, and An investigatory test should be done where an FWD is used to provide the load and these data then be used to market the concept to potential clients.
Protocol for the establishment and operation of LTPP sections
(CSIR, 2004-03) Jones, DJ; Paige-Green, P
This document describes a protocol for establishment and operation of long-term pavement performance (LTPP) sections, including those linked to HVS tests. This is detailed under the following headings: Linking LTPP to HVS data collection; Management and responsibilities; Site location and establishment; Data collection; Reporting criteria; A set of data capture forms is provided.
Protocol for the establishment and operation of LTPP sections - 1st draft
(CSIR, 2003-03) Jones, DJ; Paige-Green, P
This document describes a protocol for establishment and operation of long-term pavement performance (LTPP) sections, including those linked to HVS tests. This detailed under the following headings: Linking LTPP to HVS data collection, Management and responsibilities, Site location and establishment, Data collection Reporting criteria. A set of data capture forms is provided.
Protocol for the establishment and operation of LTPP sections - Inception report
(CSIR, 2003-02) Jones, DJ; Paige-Green, P
This inception report assesses local and international experience on the development of a protocol for the establishment and operation of Long Term Pavement performance (LTPP) sections in conjunction with Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT). Discussions and a review of the literature indicated that some work in this regard has been initiated in South Africa and despite a draft general protocol (not specifically related to APT/HVS tests) being proposed this has not been implemented. Various ad hoc project specific LPTT projects have been carried out. A detailed protocol for LTPP work was devised in the USA for the SHRP programme (not related to APT) and this has been related where possible to the Australian APT programme. No other protocols were located. Based on the review, a detailed framework for the local specific problem areas has been identified and various problem areas highlighted. These include: Standardisation of deflection measurement Standardisation of transverse and longitudinal profile Non destructive moisture content determination No significant deviations from the proposed work programme or budget were considered necessary.
Simulation of dynamic traffic loading for use in accelerated pavement testing (APT)
(CSIR, 1999-07) Steyn, WJvdM; De Beer, Morris; Du Preez, W
The HVS IV+, its history, specifications and capabilities are introduced in this paper, and compared to that of the HVS Mark III. The development of some HVS instrumentation are discussed. Definitions are proposed for a description of the dynamic load capabilities from a loading and a pavement response viewpoint. Initial results from the pilot study using the Moving Dynamic Load option are shown. Interesting data regarding the HVS and tyre behaviour during a long-term test are also provided.
Technical memorandum: instrumentation for APT and LTPP
(CSIR, 2006-01) Steyn, WJvdM; Du Plessis, L; Denneman, E
The GDPTW makes extensive use of instrumentation in their Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) and Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) programmes. In order to remain at the forefront of technology, this project investigates the available technologies to monitor these projects, identifies the most appropriate instruments to measure each of the relevant parameters and makes recommendations regarding instrumentation requirements for the GDPTRW. This project has been performed in 3 phases. In these phases, the parameters to be monitored on APT and LTPP sections have been identified, appropriate instruments and sensors for monitoring these parameters have been identified, and recommendations made regarding new developments, required upgrading of sensors and instruments for the GDPTRW APT and LTPP programmes. The following conclusions are drawn: There is a large range of potential parameters that can be monitored during APT and LTPP projects. However, the specific parameters required for each project should still be identified to ensure that parameters are not just monitored for the sake of monitoring them. A standard checklist can be used to ensure that relevant parameters are monitored using appropriate sensors and instruments; A variety of sensors and instruments exist for monitoring the identified parameters. However, while some of these sensors and instruments provide good data, others require improvements to enable reliable data to be collected consistently for APT and LTPP projects; Due to developments in electronics, smaller and improved sensors are constantly being developed. Some of these sensors may be appropriate for APT and LTPP once they are adapted to be used in the specific road material environment; There are specific requirements for new or upgraded sensors and instruments for the GDPTRW APT and LTPP programmes that need to be pursued. Some of these are already being addressed, while further research will be required for others. The following recommendations are made: The checklist provided for the planning and execution for instrumentation on APT and LTPP projects should be used to ensure that appropriate parameters are being monitored using appropriate sensors and instruments; The current suite of sensors and instruments used on the GDPTRW APT and LTPP projects should be kept, with the focus on upgrading of the following instruments: Wireless RSD and profilometer (currently being addressed at CSIR); Wireless MDD (to be addressed once wireless RSD and profilometer has been completed); Improved in situ moisture measurement sensors / instruments to be procured (not currently being addressed); A plan should be developed for a systematic approach towards addressing the potential development of nano- and micro-scale sensors and instruments for the measurement of stresses, strains, deformations and translations inside pavement layers, and The development of non-destructive thermography for pavement layer evaluation should be addressed to determine the feasibility of using this technology.

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