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Item Biocement: A novel approach in the restoration of construction materials(Springer Nature, 2020-06) Enshasy, HE; Dailin, DJ; Malek, RA; •Nordin, NZ; Nordin, NZ; Keat, HC; Eyahmalay, J; Ramchuran, Santosh O; Ghong, JNC; Ramda, VM; Lalloo, Rajesh; Yadav, AN; Rastegari, AA; Gupta, VK; Yadav, NConcrete is the most commonly used construction material worldwide for the development of durable structures. Structural integrity and design of buildings have become increasingly important in construction engineering as well as assessment of mixed formulation including cement and aggregate (i.e. sand, slag and stone). Microcrack formation on concrete may result in increased degradation and porous concrete. Therefore, there is a need to preserve and maintain concrete structures due to its high associated cost of restoration. In addition, reducing the negative environmental impact due to high CO2 emissions during cement production need to be considered as well. One key solution includes bio-based self-healing techniques. Research has focused on biomineralisation, a method of sealing microcracks using bacterial calcium carbonate deposits, via a common process of biocementation or microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). As such, these deposits possess promising micro-bonding and pore-filling macro-effects for potential application in the construction industry. In view of these novel state-of-the-art techniques, this chapter provides an overview of potential microbes, mode of action of the self-healing process, primary limitations for future techniques and potential applications in the construction industry.Item Trichoderma: Biocontrol agents for promoting plant growth and soil health(Springer, 2020-08) El Enshasy, HA; Ambehabati, KK; El Baz, AF; Ramchuran, Santosh O; Sayyed, RZ; Amalin, D; Dailin, DJ; Hanapi, SZ; Yadav, AN; Mishra, S; Kour, D; Yadav, N; Kumar, ATrichoderma is a saprotrophic fungus which largely can be found in environments such as forest soil, roots and leaves. This fungus has been declared as soil fungi due to its significant for their fast growth. They exhibited high capacity to utilize different types of complex substrates and can act as strong resistances towards different kind of toxic chemicals. Therefore, Trichoderma species is very abundance on decaying wood. This is mainly because of the heterotropic interactions such as decomposition and opportunistic endophytism. It can be found in all type of soils which includes from forest, salt marsh, agricultural even in desert soils. In addition to that, Trichoderma has been used as an efficient biocontrol agent against the phytopathogens. The main mechanisms for the biocontrol process in this type of fungi have been assumed due to antibiosis, mycoparasitism and competition for space and resources. This fungus evolved many mechanisms which contribute for the improvement of the plant resistance towards diseases, the plant’s growth as well as its productivity. Out of 260 species, around 35 established species was mainly discovered for its economic importance mainly due to its capability of various enzyme productions or to be used as biocontrol agents. Global interest was given to researches related to Trichoderma fungus thanks to its applications in the field of agricultural and biotechnology.