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Browsing Book Chapters by browse.metadata.impactarea "Advanced Polymer Composites"
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Item Development of sustainable biobased polymer and bio-nanocomposite materials using nanocellulose obtained from agricultural biomass(Routledge, 2020-07) Mtibe, Asanda; Muniyasamy, Sudhakar; Motaung, TE; Godfrey, Linda K; Görgens, JF; Roman, HBiobased polymer and bio-nanocomposites have provided significant improvement in material science, moving towards the development of green materials to replace petro-based materials. The present study investigated the value-added utilisation of agriculturalbiomass residues derived from sugar cane bagasse and maize stalks for the development of biobased polymer and bio-nanocomposite materials for specific applications. In this study, extraction of cellulose and nanocellulose of environmentally friendly polymeric materials and their composite peoducts were studied. The study showed that the incorporation of nanocellulose into biopolymer matrix could produce bio-nanocomposites for specific uses in various applications, mainly in the biomedical and green packaging sectors.Item Marine microbial pharmacognosy: Prospects and perspectives(Springer, 2020-11) Mohanrasu, K; Guru Raj Rao, R; Sudhakar, Muniyasamy; Raja, R; Jeyakanthan, J; Arun, A; Nathani, NM; Mootapally, C; Gadhvi, IR; Maitreya, B; Joshi, CGModern scientific advancements and research on marine microbes has revealed their significance as producers of therapeutic products useful in treating various human diseases. Microbes in marine habitat have evolved to adapt to the harsh condition that prevails in the ocean. Their struggle to compete for space and nutrients has paved way for the synthesis of different novel enzymes possessing distinctive characteristics. Thus, marine habitat hosts many remarkable microorganisms that offer unique biologically active compounds, enzymes endowed with astonishing properties, and mechanism to survive in extreme environmental conditions. The utilization of marine biotic resources grows at an extraordinary growth rate of 12% per annum and is evident from about 4900 patents filed connected with marine genetic resources and 18,000 natural compounds. This concern has boosted research all over the world to explore the untapped potential hidden in marine microbes, which has lot of biotechnological applications that includes bioactive compounds (metabolites) for therapeutics, novel enzymes, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This book chapter will meticulously deliberate the utilization of marine resources by biotechnological applications for therapeutics like antibiotics, chemical compounds, biopolymer, enzymes, and various microbial biomedical purposes such as drug delivery and tissue engineering from marine biota (bacteria, fungi, and algae).Item Metal oxide nanocomposites for adsorption and photoelectrochemical degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in aqueous solution(Springer, 2020-04) Mdlalose, Lindani M; Chauke, Vongani P; Nomadolo, Elizabeth N; Msomi, P; Setshedi, Katlego Z; Chimuka, L; Chetty, Ashlen; Ama, OM; Ray, Suprakas SThe global deterioration of water quality which is associated with industrialisation, urbanisation, and a growing population is reaching critical levels and thus needs to be addressed urgently. Common pollutants that are discharged from industries and sewage plants include unknown toxic chemicals, heavy-metals and micro-organisms; these are well known and thoroughly studied. Of growing and great concern to both human and animal health is the new emerging class of pollutants known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) or emerging organic compounds (EOCs); these are frequently associated with residues from pharmaceutical industries, i.e. they comprise of common drugs such as antibiotics, medication for chronic illnesses, pain killers. Regrettably, the traditional water purification systems cannot fully remove these pollutants, thus they are found in various water systems in minute concentrations. The danger is in the long run accumulative exposure to humans, animals and the environment. There are several methods that have been developed, reported and used for the removal of these pollutants. Several removal or remediation technologies have been studied and reported for the mineralisation of these emerging organic pollutants and of interest to this work is photocatalysis using light harvesting materials such TiO2 (i.e. semiconductors) and electrochemistry. The drawbacks associated with semiconductors are low quantum yields that emanate from rapid recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes with very low lifetimes. To overcome these drawbacks and to enhance degradation, an electrical external field can be applied across the catalyst or semiconductor to induce special separation of photo-generated electron hole pair to allow a sink for the electrons in a process called photoelectrochemistry. This chapter highlights the reported mineralisation of organic pollutants photoelectrochemistry using semiconductors; it also highlights the efficiency of photoelectrocatalysis when compared with photocatalysis alone.Item An overview of nanotoxicological effects towards plants, animals, microorganisms and environment(Springer, 2020-03) Ananthi, V; Mohanrasu, K; Boobalan, T; Anand, K; Chuturgoon, A; Balasubramanian, V; Yuvakkumar, R; Arun, A; Sudhakar, Muniyasamy; Krishnan, A; Chuturgoon, AIn recent years, nanotechnology has reached the limelight of research in applications of medicine and technology. Due to its onset, huge varieties of nanoparticles possessing significant characters are synthesized with broad application fields. Even though these particles are infesting our present life; conflictual views regarding their medical and biological effects are debatable. The non biodegradable nature and nanosize are the alarming features of the nanoparticles that confront potential threats to both environment and biomedical field on its expanding usage. NPs synthesized from heavy metals like lead, mercury and tin are proclaimed as stringent and stable compounds for degradation, hence results in environmental biohazards. The extensive applications of silver nanoparticles in biosensing, cosmetics, medical devices, food and clothing products inflates its human exposure and obviously resulted in toxicity (short and long term). In vitro studies revealed various cytotoxic effects in the cells of mammals such as brain, liver, lung, skin, reproductive organs and vascular system. Furthermore, ingestion, inhalation or injection of nanoparticles in intraperitoneal region resulted in toxic effect of multiple organs inclusively brain. Accounting the metal nanoparticles biohazardous effects like ROS (Reactive oxygen species) generation, DNA damage, protein denaturation and lipid peroxidation has been proved on carbon based nanoparticles, organic lipid based nanoparticles, mineral based nanoparticles, nano diamonds, nano composites, etc. Although, nanotechnology has become an advent field of research nowadays, it is importing significant environmental and health hazards thus couldn’t be beneficial to both society and economy.Item Synthetic, natural derived lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles drug delivery applications(Springer, 2020-01) Mohanrasu, K; Siva Prakash, G; Boobalan, T; Ananthi, V; Dinesh, GH; Anand, K; Muniyasamy, Sudhakar; Chuturgoon, A; Arun, A; Krishnan, A; Chuturgoon, AIn modern therapeutic field, the delivery to the desired site is a crucial bottleneck that needs to be addressed for efficacy and potency of the administrated drug. The recent advancements in the field of nanotechnology has enabled researchers to deliver the drug and other diagnostic agents without unfavourabel effect in huma. Though drug delivery system (DDS) is highly advanatageous, the clinical success rate depends on the appropriate carrier molecules which precisely recognise the target site for the release of drug and its biocompatibility. To overcome this concern both synthetic and naturally derived liip-based nano carriers are the preeminent option as it is biocompatible, non-toxic, enhances the bioavailabity of poorly absorbed drugs, drug release modulation flexibility, improved drug loading capacity and stability.Item The use of plastic waste in road construction(Alive2green, 2021-12) Mturi, George AJ; O’Connell, Johan S; Akhalwaya, Imraan; Ojijo, Vincent O; Mofokeng, Tladi G; Ncolosi, Nonzwakazi; Smit, Michelle A; De Jager, PetaRecycled plastics are being investigated worldwide not only as a green investment, but also for improved pavement durability (Milad et al., 2020). The objectives of the study were to screen, evaluate and implement existing international technologies in line with South African design standards and specifications for materials in road construction. The main research question was whether low value waste plastics can be optimised as alternative road construction materials in South Africa.