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Browsing Books by browse.metadata.cluster "Chemicals"

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    The Circular Economy as Development Opportunity: Exploring Circular Economy Opportunities across South Africa’s Economic Sectors
    (CSIR, 2021-12) Godfrey, Linda K; Nahman, Anton; Oelofse, Suzanna HH; Trotter, Douglas; Khan, Sumaya; Nontso, Zintle; Magweregwede, Fleckson; Sereme, Busisiwe V; Okole, Blessed N; Gordon, Gregory ER; Brown, Bernadette; Pillay, Boyse; Schoeman, Chanel; Fazluddin, Shahed; Ojijo, Vincent O; Cooper, Antony K; Kruger, Daniel M; Napier, Mark; Mokoena, Refiloe; Steenkamp, Anton J; Msimanga, Xolile P; North, Brian C; Seetal, Ashwin R; Mathye, Salamina M; Godfrey, Linda K
    The intention of this book is to present the CSIR’s position and interpretation of the circular economy, and to use it to drive discussions on where immediate circular economy opportunities are achievable in South Africa. Opportunities that can be harnessed by business, government and civil society. These circular economy opportunities are framed in this book within the context of the current challenges facing various economic sectors. The CSIR has selected seven, resource intensive sectors – mining, agriculture, manufacturing, human settlements, mobility, energy and water – for further assessment. Many of these economic sectors have seen significant declines over the past years, with agriculture, manufacturing, transport and construction all showing negative growth pre-COVID. These are all sectors under economic stress and in need of regeneration. South Africa stands on the threshold of profound choices regarding its future development path. Transitioning to a more circular economy provides the country with the opportunity to address many national priorities including manufacturing competitiveness, food security; sustainable, resilient and liveable cities; efficient transport and logistics systems; and energy and water security, while at the same time decarbonising the economy. The transition to a circular economy provides the country with an opportunity for green and inclusive development to be the cornerstone of a post-COVID economic recovery. The titles of this book chapters are the following: Chapter 1: Driving economic growth in South Africa through a low carbon, sustainable and inclusive circular economy. Chapter 2: Placing the South African mining sector in the context of a circular economy transition. Chapter 3: Supporting food security and economic development through circular agriculture. Chapter 4: Supporting the development of a globally competitive manufacturing sector through a more circular economy. Chapter 5: Creating resilient, inclusive, thriving human settlements through a more circular economy. Chapter 6: Facilitating sustainable economic development through circular mobility. Chapter 7: Decoupling South Africa’s development from energy demand through a more circular economy. Chapter 8: Decoupling South Africa’s development from water demand through a circular economy.
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    Emerging Technologies in Polymer Processing
    (Hanser, 2024-12) Ray, Suprakas S; Banerjee, Ritima; Bandyopadhyay, Jayita; Orasugh, Jonathan T; Bhattacharya, Satinath
    Resting on the foundation of fundamental concepts, polymer processing has undergone phenomenal progress, beginning from the basic operations of mixing and molding, and evolving into advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 4D printing and nanocellular foaming. The use of cutting-edge technologies, such as computational modeling, have revolutionized even conventional processing techniques. Existing processing techniques have been modified, and new methods have been developed to meet application-specific requirements. The book “Emerging Technologies in Polymer Processing” is carefully structured to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic field of polymer processing innovation, covering a wide range of topics. This pioneering work is organized into several chapters, each meticulously crafted to look into specific facets of emerging technologies, their implications, and their applications within the polymer industry. The introductory chapter (Chapter 1) serves as the gateway to this exploration, setting the stage by delineating the evolution of polymer processing techniques. It offers a historical overview of traditional methods while elucidating the pressing need for innovation in response to evolving industry demands. Moreover, it candidly addresses the challenges inherent in conventional polymer processing techniques, laying the groundwork for the subsequent discussion on emerging technologies. Chapter 2 extensively reviews the role of rheology in the processability of polymeric materials: An in-depth understanding of the rheological characteristics of polymeric materials can help select the right materials and/or grades and processing conditions to achieve superior processability in various emerging processing operations. In Chapter 3, we emphasize the fundamentals of the conventional injection molding of polymeric materials with process control technologies, critical drivers of the market and restraints on them, recent trends, factors influencing precision, and advances in precision injection molding, including process control and material aspects. Chapter 4 provides a broad perspective on the manufacturing processes, the history of additive manufacturing, its economic feasibility, market and technology trends, and fundamentals of the different additive manufacturing processes. In Chapter 5, the fundamental principles governing electrospinning and the influence of solution properties, electric fields, and other processing parameters on nanofibers’ morphology are discussed. Chapter 6 complements Chapter 5, providing a thorough description of the various other processing methods used to prepare polymer fibers, as well as the most recent advancements in these processing methods. It also lists some of the benefits and drawbacks of each production process. Chapter 7 provides a comprehensive overview of the use of ultrasound in various polymer processing operations, highlighting its significant benefits. By shedding light on these advantages, the chapter aims to equip readers with a deeper understanding of the potential of ultrasound in polymer processing, fostering a sense of awareness and informed decision-making. In Chapter 8, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of plasma treatment technology and the use of plasma treatment in the surface modification of polymeric materials. Chapter 9 begins with a brief introduction to polymer foams and foam manufacturing techniques. After discussing the thermal insulation property of polymer foams, it then offers insight into recent advances in the development of nanocellular foams of superior properties, with a special focus on thermal insulation and mechanical properties.
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    Graphene-Based Materials as Adsorbents for Wastewater Decontamination
    (2024-10) Ray, Suprakas S; Orasugh, Jonathan T; Temane, Lesego T; Motshekga, SC
    This book aims to provide a fundamental grasp of graphene-based materials (GAMs) and their adsorption process. The effect of diverse process parameters, including pH, temperature, agitation, competing ions, etc., on the adsorption performance of GAMs as well as their recent and relevant applications in biomedical fields, are discussed. The current challenges and future outlook have been addressed as an independent chapter, and the recyclability of these adsorbent materials has also been covered.
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    Inorganic Ultraviolet Filters in Sunscreen Products: Status, Trends, and Challenges
    (Springer Nature, 2024-07) Hassan Kera, Nazia; Kesavan Pillai, Sreejarani; Ray, Suprakas S
    This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in inorganic ultraviolet (UV) lters utilized for photoprotection applications. It evaluates theperformance of the two approved inorganic UV lters for sunscreen use, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), examining their physicochemical properties in relation to various factors such as ef cacy in UVR attenuation, formulation considerations including product aesthetics and stability, safety aspects, potential risks to human health, and their environmental fate and effects. The regulations governing the use of TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreens are also addressed. Furthermore, the book assesses different modi cation strategies employed to mitigate the undesirable properties of ZnO and TiO2. It also presents various inorganic materials studied as alternatives to ZnO and TiO2, evaluating their potential for use as UV lters. This book is tailored for chemists, material scientists, researchers, engineers (both chemical and biomedical), as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in this dynamic research eld. Additionally, it serves as a valuable resource for industrial researchers and R&D managers aiming to develop and market advanced inorganic UV lter-based sunscreen products.
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    Polymer Science in South Africa
    (2024-07) Pfukwa, R; Ray, Suprakas S
    Polymer science and technology now impact all spheres of this age's everyday life, from packaging, water purification materials, health, agriculture, transport and electronics. The wide applicability of polymers leverages the unique physicochemical properties of these macromolecules, the vast array of available building blocks and a stocked synthetic toolbox for accessing polymers with differing functionalities, topologies and architectures. Polymer science is a mature field, with a unique balance between fundamental research and applied science, and a significant involvement of commercial companies. The polymer industry is an important cornerstone of South Africa's highly diverse and complex chemical industry.[1] In addition, South Africa has fairly comprehensive polymer science teaching and research programs.[2] This special issue, “Polymer Science in South Africa” comprises 16 open access research articles, i.e., 10 experimental papers and 6 review articles from the South African polymer science community. Research areas covered include polymer analysis, polymer engineering, materials for health and biotechnology, degradable polymers and environmental impacts of polymers materials; these contributions are summarized below.
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    Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for ophthalmic drug delivery
    (Woodhead Publishing, 2024-05) Chattopadhyay, D; Orasugh, Jonathan T; Adhikari, A; Sinha Ray, Suprakas; Jonathan T
    Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery covers fundamental aspects in the preparation of polymeric in-situ, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including properties, characterization, chemistry, and fabrication of these hydrogels. The book will help the reader select the most appropriate material and design for the desired application. The book goes on to review applications in ophthalmic drug delivery, covering in vitro and in vivo models, animal models, preclinical testing, patents, and more. This is a must-have reference for researchers and academics in the fields of materials science, biomaterials, pharmacology and polymer science, with an interest in clinical aspects of hydrogel design and application.
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    Valorization of Biomass Waste Materials, a Biorefinery Concept
    (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2024) Gbadeyan, OJ; Sekoai, Patrick T; Chunilall, Viren; Gbadeyan, OJ; Sekoai, Patrick T; Chunilall, Viren
    Waste has become an emerging problem threatening the ecosystem, given the harmful content generated from the global afterlife of waste. These problems affect all spheres of life, and the waste must be controlled, managed, or converted to new products. The fundamental ways of addressing the increasing global flows of waste revealed through management processes have significantly increased business opportunities. Waste must be transformed into valuable products to reduce pollution, create jobs, and an environmentally pleasant atmosphere. Researchers have invented methods of converting waste into value-added products, aiming toward waste management and reduction. Despite considerable advances, the reuse and recycling of agricultural waste as biomass resources (renewable feedstock for renewable energy generation and specialty chemicals) from several natural sources are underutilized. This collection of essays discusses different biomass waste sources, biomass feedstocks characterization, pre-treatment and techniques for valorizing biomass to value-added products, and policies and regulations on the circular economy.