Vegetable and cereal protein exploitation for fish feed

Abstract

The current status of cereal and vegetable protein and its potential use in aquaculture feeds to replace fish meal is described in order to provide an insight into the challenges facing its use. The key drivers for exploiting food waste co-products are explored and difficulties arising are identified, e.g. evaluation of the nutritional quality of plant feedstuffs can give different results even when tested for one fish species. Future requirements for standardization of feeding protocols, improvement of the quality of data and the development of useful models that can be used across ingredients and across species are outlined.