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Item Dynamic spectrum allocation in the C-Band: An overview(2025) Salani, W; Mfupe, Luzango P; Oyerinde, OOThe rapid growth of wireless communication demands has led to heightened competition for limited spectrum resources, with traditional allocation methods proving insufficient to meet evolving needs. In response, DSA has emerged as a promising strategy, allowing secondary users to access underutilised portions of the spectrum, particularly in bands primarily allocated for satellite communication, such as the 3.4–4.2 GHz range. DSA offers a flexible solution by enabling the secondary use of the underutilised spectrum while protecting primary users like terrestrial FSS/SS. This paper surveys state-of-the-art DSA techniques and introduces the concept of DSUE to quantify real-time spectrum reuse effectiveness under coexistence constraints. Emphasis is placed on integrating FSS ground station parameters—such as location, antenna orientation, and sensitivity—into intelligent spectrum management frameworks. The review also evaluates ML/AI-driven resource allocation and interference mitigation approaches that enhance coexistence performance. By structuring a DSUE-aware environment, this study provides technical direction for harmonising terrestrial wireless mobile broadband and satellite systems, enabling more efficient, adaptive, and interference-aware spectrum sharing.Item Under the scales: Identification of ticks in rehabilitated African pangolins and confiscated scales(2025-12) Nethavhani, Z; Radebe, T; Dzerefos, CM; Suleman, Essa; Jansen, RPangolins are the most trafficked mammals globally. Beyond zoonotic concerns related to coronavirus, pangolins serve as hosts for ectoparasites such as ticks, which can be inadvertently transported through illegal wildlife trade and rehabilitation efforts. The transcontinental trafficking of pangolins and their derivatives poses a potential risk of pathogen spillover affecting humans, wildlife, and livestock. Despite these concerns, data on tick infestations in confiscated African pangolins and scales remain scarce. This study aims to identify tick species associated with confiscated pangolins and scales using morphological and molecular approaches. A total of 275 ticks were collected from 17 rehabilitated African pangolins (Smutsia temminckii, Phataginus tricuspis, Phataginus tetradactylus) and nine bags of seized scales. Representative specimens (n = 53) were genetically analyzed by amplifying the 16S rRNA fragment and comparing sequences with publicly available data. Morphological identification revealed five tick species: Amblyomma compressum, A. hebraeum, Ornithodoros compactus, Rhipicephalus theileri, and R. simus. Taxonomic assignments conformed with the DNA-based identification for all species except for ‘O. compactus’ which resulted in O. moubata. These discrepancies may be due to overlapping morphological characters between the two Ornithodoros species. Notably, ticks from the three identified genera are known vectors of pathogens causing diseases such as heartwater, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, African swine fever, and human relapsing fever. We provide the first record of A. hebraeum in Phataginus species, and A. compressum in P. tetradactyla, expanding their host range. This study also establishes a baseline for tick diversity in confiscated African pangolins and scales trafficked within Africa and out of Africa. The findings highlight the importance of integrative taxonomic approaches in tick identification and emphasize the need for further research incorporating additional genetic markers and morphometric analyses to enhance species resolution.Item Arduino‑based devices in healthcare and environmental monitoring(2025-04) Tsebesebe, Nkgaphe T; Mpofu, Kelvin T; Sivarasu, S; Mthunzi‑Kufa, PatienceRapid increases in diseases and pandemics over the past years have led to the development of more affordable and accessible biosensing equipment, especially in underdeveloped regions. One of the open-source hardware that has the potential to develop advanced health equipment is the Arduino platform. This review emphasizes the importance of open-source technology, specifically the Atmel family of microcontrollers used in the Arduino development board, and the applications of the Arduino platform in biosensing technologies to advance PoC devices. Furthermore, the review highlights the use of machine learning algorithms to enhance the functionality of user-defined prototypes, aiming to realize PoC devices. It also addresses the successes and limitations of microcontrollers and machine learning in the development of PoC devices using open-source technology. The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate how the Arduino platform can be leveraged to create effective and affordable biosensing solutions, by examining the integration of Arduino with various types of biosensors. The review showcases the potential of Arduino to democratize and innovate biosensor technology. Lastly, this paper extends the investigation of applications of Arduino to general health care and environmental monitoring.Item Aquaculture and biodiversity in global food systems(2025) Bremner, J; Stentiford, G; Suleman, Essa; Warham, EA One Health approach will be essential to ensure future food systems can address the trade-offs between interventions needed to produce more food of higher nutritional value, with a smaller ecosystem footprint. This will involve consideration of hazards that link or spread between different supply chains, taking a whole-systems approach. Here, we consider how biodiversity maps to aquaculture across the One Health space. Aquaculture poses ecosystem health risks through the biodiversity impacts of disease spread, non-native introductions, farm-level pollution and habitat damage. Less well recognised, biodiversity also links strongly to animal/plant health, through increased risk of hazards (pathogen and pest diversity can create significant stock health challenges) but also by providing opportunities – genetic diversity underpins stock fitness and mixed-species farming improves resilience. Application of One Health principles will allow aquaculture to grow sustainably, but this needs the buy-in of policymakers, farmers and the scientific community.Item IoT smart home security: Improving cyberattacks detection with stacked ensemble methods(2025-08) Kgote, O; Isong, B; Abu-Mahfouz, Adnan MI; Dladlu, NThe Internet of Things (IoT) has created some remarkable changes, especially in smart homes. However, this increased connectivity has also heightened the exposure of IoT devices to cyber threats. Machine learning methods often struggle with a lack of robust datasets and employ single models to detect various attacks. This limitation significantly reduces the models’ detection accuracy, increases false positive rates, and impedes robustness against evolving threats, adaptation to changes, and efficient handling of different devices. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust stacked ensemble model designed to effectively detect and classify cyberattacks in IoT-based smart homes. Utilizing a novel real-world dataset, we trained and evaluated four ensemble algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), Extra Trees (ET), and Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) using various performance metrics. The results reveal that XGBoost and RF outperformed the others and were selected as base estimators for the stacked ensemble model. Our model achieved an impressive 99% accuracy in detecting various cyberattacks, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Denial of Service (DoS), and Mirai. It also demonstrated excellent performance in identifying DDoS and DoS attacks, with F1 scores exceeding 99%. Despite challenges with detecting Brute Force and Web-based attacks, likely due to data imbalance, the overall results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. By utilizing the strengths of multiple models, the stack ensemble method significantly improved detection accuracy and efficiency in IoT ecosystems.Item Development of a computational whole model of Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393(2025-12) Mugwanda, Kanganwiro; Takundwa, Mutsa M; Dicks, LMT; Thimiri Govindaraj, Deepak BGenome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are important tools for predicting the metabolic behaviour of microorganisms, including probiotics, under diverse environmental conditions and assessing the impact of genome modifications. In this study, a draft genome-scale metabolic model for Lacticaseibacillus casei ATCC 393 was constructed using the ModelSEED pipeline. The draft model was validated through simulations in OptFlux 3. The resulting ilcaseidsm20011 model includes 555 genes, 73 metabolic pathways, 950 reactions, and 1095 compounds. This model provides a foundational framework for understanding L. casei ATCC 393 metabolism, serving as a valuable resource for further studies on probiotic functionality and rational metabolic engineering.Item Rapid, low-cost production of multilayer molds for PDMS lab-on-chip devices(2025-09) Maesela, Maushe E; Msimanga, M; Kakaza, Masibulele T; Scriba, Manfred RWe present a simple, rapid and low-cost multi-layer mold fabrication method for production of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lab-on-chip (LOC) devices. The new approach offers resource-strained researchers access to microfluidic lab-on-chip fabrication for medical diagnostics, food security and environmental monitoring applications. In this work, photomasks were designed on PowerPoint (2021) and printed on Pelikan transparency sheets using a Canon PIXMA iX6840 Inkjet printer. The photomasks were then tested for ultraviolet (UV) transmission and compared to the masks produced for circuit board manufacture. Another low-cost approach for the alignment of multi-exposure masks was also developed and tested by producing three-layer photoresist pyramid-like structures on silicon (Si) wafer using the soft lithography process.Item Development of a microfluidic liquid dispensing system for lab-on-chips(2025-09) Kakaza, Masibulele T; Scriba, Manfred RThis paper presents an innovative and low-cost approach to the dispensing of multiple liquids on a microfluidic chip with the aim of dispensing liquids in a controlled sequence. The project focused on the design and development of a microfluidic liquid dispensing system that is an integral part of the Lab-on-Chip (LOC). Liquids are often dispensed into LOCs through blisters, syringes, or electric microfluidic pumps, but these can be impractical for Point-of-Care (POC) settings, especially in remote areas. Additionally, incorrect volumes of biochemical reagents and the introduction of reagents outside the sequence can distort the results of the diagnosis. The process undertaken involved designing and 3D printing prototypes of the dispensing system, along with laser cutting and manufacturing the Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) LOC devices intended for receiving the liquids. The proposed novel low-cost dispensing system uses manually operated actuators and cams to disperse metered fluids sequentially to minimise end-user errors at POC settings.Item Improving spatial mine-to-plan compliance at an open pit mine through enhanced short-term mine planning(2025-05) Otto, Theunis J; Mkhatshwa, T; Van Keerden, TJ; Cloete, CHThe value realised by an open pit mine depends on the quality and integrity of the mine planning process as well as the level of execution against these mine plans. When managing the execution against the mine plan, how well the mine plan is executed spatially, is of critical importance. The short-term mine plan is the plan that is physically executed on most open pit mines. At the same time, the spatial mine-to-plan compliance is typically reconciled against the annual business plan. Short-term mine planning, therefore, plays an important role in the effectiveness of the spatial mine-to-plan compliance reconciliation process by providing operational teams with detailed designs and schedules, while ensuring that mining execution is spatially aligned with the business plan. The Sishen open pit iron ore mine (Sishen) strives to continuously improve spatial compliance to the business plan. Sishen enhanced the role that short-term mine planning plays in enabling the forward-looking component of the spatial mine-to-plan compliance reconciliation process. The enhanced short-term mine planning process focuses on detailed tactical sequence designs per mining pushback, the health of value chain buffers, spatial plan-to-plan reconciliation, and the associated management routines. This led to improved spatial mine-to-plan compliance to the business plan from 71% to 94% over the four-year period from 2020 to 2023 inclusive. These results indicate that the application of short-term mine planning as part of an integrated spatial mine-to-plan compliance process at open pit mines can contribute positively to improving the level of spatial execution against the business plan. This paper presents the enhancements made to the short-term mine planning process, which other open pit mining operations can consider to improve spatial mine-to-plan compliance.Item The Influence of Halloysite Clay on the Properties of the Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)/Sawdust, PBS/Sugarcane Bagasse, and PBS/Sawdust/Sugarcane Bagasse Hybrid Composites(2025-07) Sikhosana, TS; Malebo, NJ; Motloung, MP; Mofokeng, Tladi G; Mochane, MJIn this study, the influences of natural fibres (sugarcane bagasse (SB) and sawdust (SD)) on the material properties of polybutylene succinate (PBS) prepared through melt compounding were investigated. The study further evaluated the effects of incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HS) and expandable graphite (EG) on the properties of PBS/SD and PBS/SB binary and PBS/SB/SD hybrid composites. The morphological analysis indicated poor interfacial adhesion between PBS and the fibres. The obtained findings indicated enhancements in the complex viscosity of PBS in the presence of natural fibres, and further improvements in the presence of HS and EG. The stiffness of PBS hybrid composites also increased upon the addition of HS and EG. Moreover, the crystallization temperatures of PBS increased in the presence of fillers, with EG showing better nucleation efficiency. However, the mechanical properties (toughness and impact resilience) decreased due to the increased stiffness of the composites and the poor interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fillers, indicating the need to pre-treat the fibres to enhance compatibility. Overall, the material properties of PBS/SD/SB hybrid composites were enhanced by incorporating HS and EG at low concentrations.Item Environmental risk disclosure: an analysis of integrated reports of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange(2025-05) Haywood, Lorren K; Audouin, Michelle A; Funke, Nikki; Nortje, Karen; Ntshotsho, Phumza; Steyn, MaronelA content analysis was employed to extract the strategic and material environmental risks disclosed in integrated reports by top-listed companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange as of May 2020. Findings suggested that environmental risk disclosure was low for the year considered. The range of environmental risks listed as material and strategic, across the companies, was extremely limited, with climate risks being identified the most. The types of environmental risks disclosed by these JSE companies were found to be well aligned with the top global risks listed by the World Economic Forum in 2020. With continued and increasing global environmental degradation, together with pressure from company stakeholders, as well as recently introduced international and national guidance, it could be expected that environmental risk disclosure will improve among top-listed JSE companies. It is recommended that a review of the environmental risk landscape and disclosures of these companies is regularly undertaken.Item Rapid Route to Lab-on-Chip (LOC) prototype fabrication with limited resources(2025-09) Scriba, Manfred R; Kakaza, Masibulele T; Maesela, Maushe E; Mandiwana, VusaniSeveral approaches to producing lab-on-chip (LOC) devices have been developed in the last 20 years, including laser cutting of acrylic sheets and laminating them with adhesive films. While this route allows for rapid manufacture of devices, it cannot be scaled up beyond a couple of prototypes. For mass production of 3D LOC devices, injection molding is required, but mold manufacturing can be very costly. In this work we briefly report laser cutting parameters and lamination approaches, as well as 3D-printed injection mold inserts that allow one to produce LOC prototypes in facilities that have limited resources. This allows these facilities to transition from a couple of demonstrators to more than 100 devices in a short time and with limited costs.Item An Africa lateral flow assay-based early recognition test for tenofovir-induced acute kidney injury (ALERT-AKI) development(2025-09) Skepu, Amanda; Nxumalo, Nolwandle P; Phiri, Priscilla SThe prevalence of (TDF)-induced Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Africa is a concern, given the widespread use of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) therapy. Current tests used to detect AKI are based on increased urinary creatinine levels and are often not sensitive and specific enough for early detection. There is a need for more sensitive and specific rapid tests for the early detection of AKI, particularly in resource-limited countries for early detection and timely intervention. In the present study, a multiplex lateral flow assay, named An Africa Lateral Flow Assay-Based Early Recognition Test for Acute Kidney Injury (ALERT-AKI), detecting a set of three unique biomarkers of TDF-induced AKI was developed with a limit of detection of 2 ug/mL to 50 ug/mL, indicating the suitability of developed test for determining the selected AKI biomarkers in a clinically relevant range. This study shows proof of concept for a multiplex lateral assay tested on clinical samples. The ALERT-AKI multiplex platform will be the first of its kind once further clinical studies are conducted, offering multiple advantages, including early detection, simplicity, rapidity, high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and timely intervention, potentially reducing the severity and prevalence of AKI. Using a multiplexed protein biomarker rather than single protein molecules will allow for a much more accurate detection of kidney damage before it becomes significant or irreversible.Item Advancements in Catalyst Design for Biomass-Derived Bio-Oil Upgrading to Sustainable Biojet Fuel: A Comprehensive Review(2025-09) Jideani, T; Seroka, Ntalane S; Khotseng, LBiomass-derived bio-oil, produced through thermochemical methods such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction, has immense potential as a renewable feedstock for aviation fuels because of its renewable nature and the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The development of biojet fuel from renewable sources, such as biomass, is a critical step toward achieving global energy sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of the aviation industry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the advances in catalyst design to upgrade biomass-derived oil to biojet fuel. The review will also explore the mechanisms by which these catalysts operate, the optimization of catalytic processes, and the performance metrics used to evaluate their efficiency. Recent case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of catalyst design in enabling efficient and sustainable conversion of biomass-based bio-oil into high-quality fuels, advancing the viability of renewable energy sources in aviation and beyond.Item Light detection and ranging-based georeferencing of underground mining ground-penetrating radar data(2025-07) Kgarume, Thabang E; Van Schoor, Abraham M; Mpofu, Mvikel; Grobler, HThe South African mining industry has committed to achieving a state of zero harm for its workforce, with a strong emphasis on worker health and safety. Among the major safety concerns are falls of ground, a leading cause of injuries and fatalities. Ground-penetrating radar, a non-destructive geophysical method, is recognised for its ability to image structures, fractures, and geological features within the rock mass. However, ground penetrating radar data is often acquired in local coordinates, posing challenges for visualisation in mine computer-aided design or three-dimensional visualisation software. This study explores the pivotal role of light detection and ranging data in transforming ground penetrating radar data from local survey coordinates to absolute mine coordinates. A comprehensive georeferencing methodology is presented, providing the stepwise progression from the initial georeferencing of ground penetrating radar data to the ultimate integration of ground penetrating radar and light detection and ranging datasets, resulting in the creation of a ground penetrating radar-light detection and ranging three-dimensional model. The proposed approach not only facilitates the integration of but also offers a practical means of visualising the integrated datasets within commonly used computer-aided design or three-dimensional visualisation software. An essential aspect of this integration is the adoption of non-proprietary data formats, specifically American Standard Code for Information Interchange text files, ensuring broader accessibility and compatibility. The potential for integrating diverse datasets to construct insightful models of the underground mining environment is illustrated. Integration of different datasets has the potential to offer a holistic understanding of the mining environment, providing essential information to decision-makers.Item The effect of hot corrosion on mechanical properties of the tin‑doped titanium aluminide alloy(2025-01) Magogodi, S; Mathabathe, Maria N; Rikhotso‑Mbungela, Rirhandzu S; Vilane, V; Siyasiya, C; Bolokang, Amogelang SThis work investigates the hot corrosion behaviour of Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.3Si and Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.3Si-1Sn alloys under 25 wt.% NaCl and 75 wt.% Na2SO4 molten salt mixture at 900 °C. The alloys were developed through vacuum arc melting and casting. The corrosion kinetics of the alloys were measured by mass change per unit surface area. The results revealed that both alloys experienced hot corrosion attacks; however, Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.3Si-1Sn alloy demonstrated superior corrosion resistance and retained good mechanical properties compared to the Ti-48Al-2Nb-0.3Si.Item Microstructure, wear, and compressive behaviour of laser cladded hybrid TiC-SiC reinforced 16MnCr5 composites(2025-02) Kyekyere, E; Olakanmi, EO; Prasad, RVS; Botes, A; Pityana, Sisa LHybrid reinforcement composite coatings have enormous potential in improving the wear resistance and mechanical properties of components subjected to high-loading conditions. This study explored the synergic effect of TiC (20 wt% to 40 wt%) and SiC (0 to 20 wt%) contents on the geometry, phase evolution, microstructure, microhardness, wear, and compressive behaviour of 16MnCr5-TiC-SiC ternary composite coatings on A514 steel substrate. The dominant phases observed in the coatings are α-Fe, TiC, FexSiy, Fe3C, and M7C3. As the content of SiC increases, Fe3C and M7C3 phases gradually disappear due to the stabilisation of the Fe with Si. The microhardness of the coatings was substantially enhanced, with the average matrix microhardness varying between 778.6 ± 73 HV0.3 to 1003.3 ± 47 HV0.3, compared to the substrate (214.5 ± 9 HV0.3), which constitutes an increase of 263 % to 368 %. The wear resistance properties of all the coatings exhibited an improvement varying between 2.5 and 6.7 times over that of the substrate, with 5 wt% SiC/35 wt% TiC coating achieving the highest wear resistance. The high SiC content compromised the coatings' microhardness and wear resistance due to its high dissociation and subsequent graphite precipitation in the Fe alloys. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the coating with 5 % SiC was the highest (1128.2 ± 21 MPa), surpassing that of the substrate (992.4 ± 67 MPa) by 14 %. In contrast, the lowest compressive strength (525.2 ± 58 MPa) occurred in the coating with 0 % SiC due to the high volume proportion of retained carbides in the matrix, which detach from the matrix under stress, leading to deformation.Item Identification and purification of a novel bacteriophage T7 endonuclease from the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (KBR) biodiversity hotspot(2025) Pillay, Priyen; Moralo, Maabo; Mtimka, Sibongile; Shai, Taola S; Botha, Kirsty S; Kwezi, Lusisizwe; Tsekoa, Tsepo LThe four-way (Holliday) DNA junction is a key intermediate in homologous recombination, a ubiquitous process that is important in DNA repair and generation of genetic diversity. The final stages of recombination require resolution of the junction into nicked-duplex species by the action of a junction-resolving enzyme. The enzymes involved are nucleases that are highly selective for the structure of branched DNA. Here we present the isolation, expression and purification of a novel T7 endonuclease from the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (KBR), which possesses junction resolving capabilities. An initial approach was employed where the process was scaled up to 3 L with IPTG concentration of 0.1 mM at 30 °C and purified via immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Expression titres of 20 ± 0.003 µg.L-1 culture were achieved with the amount of KBR-T7 endonuclease required per reaction ranging from as low as 10 to 100 nanograms. The solubility of the enzyme was relatively poor; however, enzyme activity was not affected. A derivative for improved solubility and efficacy was then designed from this original wild-type version, MBP-KBR-T7 and was expressed under similar conditions at 20 °C yielding 1.63 ± 0.154 mg.L-1 of formulated enzyme. This novel high value enzyme derivative is a valuable asset within the molecular reagent space as a tool for confirming both in vivo and in vitro genome editing; therefore, a means to produce it recombinantly in a scalable and technoeconomicaly viable process is highly desirable.Item Protective efficacy of a bivalent equine influenza H3N8 virus-like particle vaccine in horses(2025) O'Kennedy, Martha M; Reedy, SE; Abolnik, C; Khan, A; Smith, Tanja; Du Preez, Ilse; Olajide, E; Daly, J; Cullinane, A; Chambers, TMEquine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of wild and domesticated horses, donkeys, mules, and other Equidae. EI is caused by the Equine Influenza virus (EIV), is endemic in many countries and outbreaks still have a severe impact on the equine industry globally. Conventional EI vaccines are widely used, but a need exists for a platform that facilitates prompt manufacturing of a highly immunogenic, antigenically matched, updated vaccine product. Here we developed a plant-produced bivalent EI virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate which lacks the viral genome and are therefore non-infectious. We conducted a pilot safety/dose response study of a plant produced bivalent VLP vaccine expressing the HA proteins of Florida clade (FC) 1 and FC2 EIV in 1:1 ratio. Groups of three EIV seronegative horses were vaccinated using four antigen levels (0 sham control, 250, 500, 1000 HAU/dose component). Two doses of vaccines were administered one month apart, and horses were observed for adverse reactions, which were minimal. Sera were collected for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing using FC1 and FC2 viruses. One month after the second dose, all horses were challenged with the aerosolized FC1 virus. Horses were observed daily for clinical signs, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to quantify viral RNA using qPCR and infectious virus by titration in embryonated hens' eggs. Results showed that all vaccinated groups seroconverted prior to challenge. Post-challenge, both clinical scores and virus shedding were much reduced in all vaccinates compared to the sham-vaccinated controls. We conclude that the VLP vaccines were safe and effective in this natural host challenge model. A safe, efficacious, new-generation bivalent EI VLP vaccine produced in plants, which can promptly and regularly be antigenically matched to ensure optimal protection, will pave the way to highly competitive commercially viable vaccine products for all economic environments globally.Item N‑Succinyl chitosan and quaternary chitosan electrospun nanofibers for antiviral filters against enveloped viruses(2025) Dhlamini, Khanyisile S; Selepe, Cyril T; Ramalapa, Bathabile E; Govender, KK; Tshweu, Lesego L; Ray, Suprakas SGlobally, enveloped viruses have caused many fatalities, especially during outbreaks and pandemics. Developing antiviral filters that can reduce mortality rates caused by enveloped viruses is essential, particularly in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In this study, two chitosan derivatives─N-succinyl chitosan (NSC) and N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC)─were synthesized. For the first time, the antiviral activity of NSC against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) was assessed. The two derivatives were further reduced to nanoscale through polyelectrolyte complexation to evaluate their combined antiviral activity for the first time. The nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into an interconnected network of ethyl cellulose nanofibers created via electrospinning to increase surface area. These nanofibers were used to develop an antiviral filter targeting enveloped viruses. They were characterized by their morphology, surface charge, pore size, and surface area─key factors influencing their filtration effectiveness. In vitro cytotoxicity tests indicated that the filters were nontoxic to TZM-bl cells, supporting their safety. Neutralization assays demonstrated that the filters could inhibit over 70% of HIV-1 infections within 40 s. Reusability studies revealed that the filters could be used up to three times with inhibition rates exceeding 90%. The findings show that these nanoparticles and nanofiber filters are effective and safe for antiviral applications.