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Browsing by Author "Scholes, RJ"

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Policy and tecnological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture

Author: Smith, P ; Martino, D ; Cai, Z ; Gwary, D ; Janzen, H ; Kumar, P ; McCarl, B ; Ogle, S ; O'Mara, F ; Rice, C ; Scholes, RJ ; Sirotenko, O ; Howden, M ; McAllister, T ; Pan, G ; Romanenkov, V ; Schneider, U ; Towprayoon, S Date: 2007 A recent assessment of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has demonstrated significant potential for mitigation, but suggests that the full mitigation will not be realized due to significant barriers to implementation. In this paper, ... Read more
Precipitation as driver of carbon fluxes in 11 African ecosystems

Author: Merbold, L ; Ardo, J ; Arneth, A ; Scholes, RJ ; Nouvellon, Y ; De Grandcourt, A ; Archibald, S ; Bonnefond, JM ; Boulain, N ; Brueggemann, N ; Bruemmer, C ; Cappelaere, B ; Ceschia, E ; El-Khidir, HAM ; El-Tahir, BA ; Falk, U ; Lloyd, J ; Kergoat, L ; Le Dantec, V ; Mougin, E ; Muchinda, M ; Mukelabai, MM ; Ramier, D ; Roupsard, O ; Timouk, F ; Veenendaal, EM ; Kutsch, WL Date: 2009 This study reports carbon and water fluxes between the land surface and atmosphere in eleven different ecosystems types in Sub-Saharan Africa, as measured using eddy covariance (EC) technology in the first two years of the CarboAfrica network ... Read more
Precipitation as driver of carbon fluxes in 11 African ecosystems

Author: Merbold, L ; Ardo, J ; Arneth, A ; Scholes, RJ ; Nouvellon, Y ; De Grandcourt, A ; Archibald, SA ; Bonnefond, JM ; Boulain, N ; Bruemmer, C ; Brueggemann, N ; Cappelaere, B ; Ceschia, E ; El-Khidir, HAM ; El-Tahir, BA ; Falk, U ; Lloyd, J ; Kergoat, L ; Le Dantec, V ; Mougin, E ; Muchinda, M ; Mukelabai, MM ; Ramier, D ; Roupsard, O ; Timouk, F ; Veenendaal, EM ; Kutsch, L Date: 2008 This study reports carbon and water fluxes between the land surface and atmosphere in eleven different ecosystems types in Sub-Saharan Africa, as measured using eddy covariance (EC) technology in the first two years of the CarboAfrica network ... Read more
Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems

Author: Schimel, DS ; House, JI ; Hibbard, KA ; Bousquet, P ; Ciais, P ; Peylin, P ; Braswell, BH ; Apps, MJ ; Baker, D ; Bondeau, A ; Canadell, J ; Churkina, G ; Cramer, W ; Denning, AS ; Field, CB ; Friedlingstein, P ; Goodale, C ; Heimann, M ; Houghton, RA ; Melillo, JM ; Moore, B ; Murdiyarso, D ; Noble, I ; Pacala, SW ; Prentice, IC ; Raupach, MR ; Rayner, PJ ; Scholes, RJ ; Steffen, WL ; Wirth, C Date: 08 Nov 2001 Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This ... Read more
Remotely sensed phenology for mapping biomes and vegetation functional types

Author: Wessels, Konrad J ; Steenkamp, Karen C ; Von Maltitz, Graham P ; Archibald, S ; Scholes, RJ ; Miteff, S ; Bachoo, A Date: Jul 2009 This study used remotely-sensed phenology data derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), in a fully supervised decision-tree classification based on the new biome map of South Africa. The objectives were: (i) to investigate ... Read more
Science councils in South Africa

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Anderson, F ; Kenyon, C ; Napier, J ; Ngoepe, P ; Van Wilgen, BW ; Weaver, A Date: Nov 2008 The CSIR celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006 by taking a long, hard look at its continuing role in South Africa. This paper was written by the CSIR Fellows, at the invitation of the Department of Science and Technology, to capture some ... Read more
Scientific assessments: Matching the process to the problem

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Schreiner, G ; Snyman-Van der Walt, L Date: Jan 2017 Background: The science–policy interface process – known as a ‘scientific assessment’ – has risen to prominence in the past few decades. Complex assessments are appropriate for issues which are both technically complicated, multifaceted and ... Read more
Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000): wet season campaigns

Author: Otter, LB ; Scholes, RJ ; Dowty, P ; Privette, J ; Caylor, K ; Ringrose, S ; Mukelabai, M ; Frost, P ; Hanan, N ; Totolo, O ; Veenendaal, EM Date: Mar 2002 The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) involved two wet season and one dry season field campaigns. This paper reports on the wet season campaigns. The first was conducted at five sites along the Kalahari Transect in ... Read more
Studying water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum: a bibliographic guide to techniques

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Savage, MJ Date: 1989 The parameters used to describe the flow of water, and energy to a lesser extent, through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum are reviewed and the techniques used for estimating their values contrasted. The measurements which are necessary ... Read more
Tree-grass interactions in savannas

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Archer, SR Date: 1997 Savannas occur where trees and grasses interact to create a biome that is neither grassland nor forest. Woody and gramineous plants interact by many mechanisms, some negative (competition) and some positive (facilitation). The strength and ... Read more
Trends in savanna structure and composition along an aridity gradient in the Kalahari

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Dowty, PR ; Caylor, K ; Parsons, DAB ; Frost, PGH ; Shugart, HH Date: Jun 2002 The Kalahari sand sheet occupies 2.5 million ha in southern Africa. It is an area with relatively similar deep Aeolian soils, and a strong south to north gradient in rainfall, from 200 to 1000 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP) in the region ... Read more
Uncle Tony's computer: order-of-magnitude modelling as a screening tool in environmental analysis

Author: Scholes, RJ Date: Sep 2002 This paper describes a simple, quick, non data-intensive quantitative approach for sorting certain types of environmental issues into those that are unlikely to be problems; those likely to be problems; and those requiring further, more ... Read more
Vegetation structure characteristics and relationships of Kalahari woodlands and savannas

Author: Privette, JL ; Tian, Y ; Roberts, G ; Scholes, RJ ; Wang, Y ; Caylor, KK ; Frost, P ; Mukelabai, M Date: Mar 2004 The Kalahari Transect is one of several International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) transects designed to address global change questions at the regional scale, in particular by exploiting natural parameter gradients ( Koch et al., ... Read more
What limits fire? an examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa

Author: Archibald, SA ; Roy, DP ; Van Wilgen, BW ; Scholes, RJ Date: Mar 2009 The factors controlling the extent of fire in Africa south of the equator were investigated using moderate resolution (500 m) satellite-derived burned area maps and spatial data on the environmental factors thought to affect burnt area. A ... Read more
Winter is coming: A southern hemisphere perspective of the environmental drivers of SARSCoV-2 and the potential seasonality of COVID-19

Author: Smit, AJ ; Fitchett, JM ; Engelbrecht, FA ; Scholes, RJ ; Dzhivhuho, G ; Sweijd, Neville A Date: Jul 2020 SARS-CoV-2 virus infections in humans were first reported in December 2019, the boreal winter. The resulting COVID-19 pandemic was declared by the WHO in March 2020. By July 2020, COVID-19 was present in 213 countries and territories, with ... Read more
Working in networks to make biodiversity data more available

Author: Scholes, RJ ; Gill, MJ ; Costello, MJ ; Sarantakos, G ; Walters, Michele Date: 2017 It became apparent a few decades ago that biodiversity is declining worldwide at nearly unprecedented rates. This poses ethical and self-interested challenges to people, and has triggered renewed efforts to understand the status and trends ... Read more

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